Dépôt officiel du code source de l'ERP OpenConcerto

/*

 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS HEADER.

 *

 * Copyright 2011-2019 OpenConcerto, by ILM Informatique. All rights reserved.

 *

 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 3

 * only ("GPL"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a

 * copy of the License at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html See the License for the specific

 * language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

 *

 * When distributing the software, include this License Header Notice in each file.

 */

 /*

 * Créé le 3 mars 2005

 */

package org.openconcerto.utils;

import java.awt.FontMetrics;

import java.math.BigDecimal;

import java.nio.charset.Charset;

import java.text.Normalizer;

import java.text.Normalizer.Form;

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.Collections;

import java.util.HashMap;

import java.util.HashSet;

import java.util.Iterator;

import java.util.LinkedHashMap;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Locale;

import java.util.Map;

import java.util.Set;

import java.util.regex.Matcher;

import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;

/**

 * @author Sylvain CUAZ

 */

public class StringUtils {

    // required encoding see Charset

    public static final Charset UTF8 = Charset.forName("UTF-8");

    public static final Charset UTF16 = Charset.forName("UTF-16");

    public static final Charset ASCII = Charset.forName("US-ASCII");

    public static final Charset ISO8859_1 = Charset.forName("ISO-8859-1");

    // included in rt.jar see

    // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/intl/encoding.doc.html

    public static final Charset ISO8859_15 = Charset.forName("ISO-8859-15");

    public static final Charset Cp1252 = Charset.forName("Cp1252");

    public static final Charset Cp850 = Charset.forName("Cp850");

    public static final char BOM = '\ufeff';

    final protected static char[] hexArray = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();

    /**

     * Retourne la chaine avec la première lettre en majuscule et le reste en minuscule.

     *

     * @param s la chaîne à transformer.

     * @return la chaine avec la première lettre en majuscule et le reste en minuscule.

     */

    public static String firstUpThenLow(String s) {

        if (s.length() == 0) {

            return s;

        }

        if (s.length() == 1) {

            return s.toUpperCase();

        }

        return s.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + s.substring(1).toLowerCase();

    }

    public static String firstUp(String s) {

        if (s.length() == 0) {

            return s;

        }

        if (s.length() == 1) {

            return s.toUpperCase();

        }

        return s.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + s.substring(1);

    }

    static public abstract class Shortener {

        private final int hashSize;

        private final int hashPartSize;

        private final String prefix;

        private final String suffix;

        private final int minStringLength;

        protected Shortener(int hashSize, String prefix, String suffix, int minCharsBeforeAndAfter) {

            super();

            this.hashSize = hashSize;

            this.prefix = prefix;

            this.suffix = suffix;

            this.hashPartSize = this.hashSize + this.prefix.length() + this.suffix.length();

            if (minCharsBeforeAndAfter < 1)

                throw new IllegalArgumentException("minCharsBeforeAndAfter must be at least 1: " + minCharsBeforeAndAfter);

            this.minStringLength = this.hashPartSize + minCharsBeforeAndAfter * 2;

        }

        public final int getMinStringLength() {

            return this.minStringLength;

        }

        public final String getBoundedLengthString(final String s, final int maxLength) {

            // don't test first for s.length, it's more predictable

            // (otherwise boundedString("a", 2) would succeed)

            if (maxLength < this.getMinStringLength())

                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Maximum too low : " + maxLength + "<" + getMinStringLength());

            if (s.length() <= maxLength)

                return s;

            else

                return this.shorten(s, maxLength);

        }

        final String shorten(final String s, final int maxLength) {

            assert s.length() >= this.getMinStringLength();

            final int toRemoveLength = s.length() - maxLength + this.hashPartSize;

            // remove the middle part of encoded

            final int toRemoveStartIndex = s.length() / 2 - toRemoveLength / 2;

            final String toHash = s.substring(toRemoveStartIndex, toRemoveStartIndex + toRemoveLength);

            final String hash = shorten(toHash);

            assert this.hashSize == hash.length();

            final String res = s.substring(0, toRemoveStartIndex) + this.prefix + hash + this.suffix + s.substring(toRemoveStartIndex + toRemoveLength);

            assert res.length() == maxLength;

            return res;

        }

        protected abstract String shorten(String s);

        static public final Shortener Ellipsis = new Shortener(1, "", "", 1) {

            @Override

            protected String shorten(String s) {

                return "…";

            }

        };

        // String.hashCode() is an int written in hex

        static public final Shortener JavaHashCode = new Shortener(Integer.SIZE / 8 * 2, "#", "#", 3) {

            @Override

            protected String shorten(String s) {

                return MessageDigestUtils.asHex(MessageDigestUtils.int2bytes(s.hashCode()));

            }

        };

        // 128 bits written in hex

        static public final Shortener MD5 = new Shortener(128 / 8 * 2, "#", "#", 11) {

            @Override

            protected String shorten(String s) {

                return MessageDigestUtils.getHashString(MessageDigestUtils.getMD5(), s.getBytes(UTF8));

            }

        };

        // order descendant by getMinStringLength()

        static final Shortener[] ORDERED = new Shortener[] { MD5, JavaHashCode, Ellipsis };

    }

    /**

     * The minimum value for {@link #getBoundedLengthString(String, int)}.

     *

     * @return the minimum value for <code>maxLength</code>.

     */

    public static final int getLeastMaximum() {

        return Shortener.ORDERED[Shortener.ORDERED.length - 1].getMinStringLength();

    }

    private static final Shortener getShortener(final int l) {

        for (final Shortener sh : Shortener.ORDERED) {

            if (l >= sh.getMinStringLength())

                return sh;

        }

        return null;

    }

    /**

     * Return a string built from <code>s</code> that is at most <code>maxLength</code> long.

     *

     * @param s the string to bound.

     * @param maxLength the maximum length the result must have.

     * @return a string built from <code>s</code>.

     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if <code>maxLength</code> is too small.

     * @see #getLeastMaximum()

     * @see Shortener#getBoundedLengthString(String, int)

     */

    public static final String getBoundedLengthString(final String s, final int maxLength) throws IllegalArgumentException {

        // don't test first for s.length, it's more predictable

        // (otherwise boundedString("a", 2) would succeed)

        if (maxLength < getLeastMaximum())

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Maximum too low : " + maxLength + "<" + getLeastMaximum());

        final String res;

        if (s.length() <= maxLength) {

            res = s;

        } else {

            // use maxLength to choose the shortener since it's generally a constant

            // and thus the strings returned by this method have the same pattern

            res = getShortener(maxLength).shorten(s, maxLength);

        }

        return res;

    }

    static public enum Side {

        LEFT, RIGHT

    }

    public static String getFixedWidthString(final String s, final int width, final Side align) {

        return getFixedWidthString(s, width, align, false);

    }

    public static String getFixedWidthString(final String s, final int width, final Side align, final boolean allowShorten) {

        final int length = s.length();

        final String res;

        if (length == width) {

            res = s;

        } else if (length < width) {

            // we already tested length, so no need to allow shorten

            res = appendFixedWidthString(new StringBuilder(width), s, width, align, ' ', false).toString();

        } else {

            res = getTooWideString(s, width, allowShorten);

        }

        assert res.length() == width;

        return res;

    }

    private static String getTooWideString(final String s, final int width, final boolean allowShorten) {

        assert s.length() > width;

        if (!allowShorten)

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Too wide : " + s.length() + " > " + width);

        return getBoundedLengthString(s, width);

    }

    public static StringBuilder appendFixedWidthString(final StringBuilder sb, final String s, final int width, final Side align, final char filler, final boolean allowShorten) {

        final int origBuilderLen = sb.length();

        final int length = s.length();

        if (length <= width) {

            sb.ensureCapacity(origBuilderLen + width);

            if (align == Side.LEFT)

                sb.append(s);

            for (int i = length; i < width; i++) {

                sb.append(filler);

            }

            if (align == Side.RIGHT)

                sb.append(s);

        } else {

            sb.append(getTooWideString(s, width, allowShorten));

        }

        assert sb.length() == origBuilderLen + width;

        return sb;

    }

    public static final List<String> fastSplit(final String string, final char sep) {

        final List<String> l = new ArrayList<String>();

        final int length = string.length();

        final char[] cars = string.toCharArray();

        int rfirst = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

            if (cars[i] == sep) {

                l.add(new String(cars, rfirst, i - rfirst));

                rfirst = i + 1;

            }

        }

        if (rfirst < length) {

            l.add(new String(cars, rfirst, length - rfirst));

        }

        return l;

    }

    public static final List<String> fastSplitTrimmed(final String string, final char sep) {

        final List<String> l = new ArrayList<String>();

        final int length = string.length();

        final char[] cars = string.toCharArray();

        int rfirst = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

            if (cars[i] == sep) {

                l.add(new String(cars, rfirst, i - rfirst).trim());

                rfirst = i + 1;

            }

        }

        if (rfirst < length) {

            l.add(new String(cars, rfirst, length - rfirst).trim());

        }

        return l;

    }

    /**

     * Split une string s tous les nbCharMaxLine

     *

     * @param s

     * @param nbCharMaxLine

     * @return

     */

    public static String splitString(String s, int nbCharMaxLine) {

        if (s == null) {

            return s;

        }

        if (s.trim().length() < nbCharMaxLine) {

            return s;

        }

        StringBuffer lastString = new StringBuffer();

        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();

        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {

            if (lastString.length() == nbCharMaxLine) {

                int esp = lastString.lastIndexOf(" ");

                if (result.length() > 0 && result.charAt(result.length() - 1) != '\n') {

                    result.append("\n");

                }

                if (esp > 0) {

                    result.append(lastString.substring(0, esp).toString().trim());

                    lastString = new StringBuffer(lastString.substring(esp, lastString.length()));

                } else {

                    result.append(lastString.toString().trim());

                    lastString = new StringBuffer();

                }

                result.append("\n");

            }

            char charAt = s.charAt(i);

            if (charAt == '\n') {

                lastString.append(charAt);

                result.append(lastString);

                lastString = new StringBuffer();

            } else {

                lastString.append(charAt);

            }

        }

        if (result.length() > 0 && result.charAt(result.length() - 1) != '\n') {

            result.append("\n");

        }

        result.append(lastString.toString().trim());

        return result.toString();

    }

    static public int firstIndexOf(final String s, final char[] chars) {

        return firstIndexOf(s, 0, chars);

    }

    static public int firstIndexOf(final String s, final int offset, final char[] chars) {

        int res = -1;

        for (final char c : chars) {

            final int index = s.indexOf(c, offset);

            if (index >= 0 && (res == -1 || index < res))

                res = index;

        }

        return res;

    }

    static private final Pattern singleQuote = Pattern.compile("'", Pattern.LITERAL);

    static public final Pattern SINGLE_QUOTED_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("'(('')|[^'])*'");

    static private final Pattern twoSingleQuote = Pattern.compile("''", Pattern.LITERAL);

    /**

     * Quote a string with single quotes ( e.g. for {@link SimpleDateFormat}).

     *

     * @param s an arbitrary string, eg "salut\ l'ami".

     * @return the quoted form, eg "'salut\ l''ami'".

     */

    static public final String singleQuote(String s) {

        if (s.isEmpty())

            return "''";

        else

            return "'" + singleQuote.matcher(s).replaceAll("''") + "'";

    }

    static public final String unSingleQuote(String s) {

        if (!SINGLE_QUOTED_PATTERN.matcher(s).matches())

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid quoted string " + s);

        return unSingleQuoteUnsafe(s);

    }

    private static String unSingleQuoteUnsafe(String s) {

        return twoSingleQuote.matcher(s.substring(1, s.length() - 1)).replaceAll("'");

    }

    static public final String unSingleQuote(Matcher m) {

        if (m.pattern() != SINGLE_QUOTED_PATTERN)

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Matcher not from SINGLE_QUOTED_PATTERN : " + m);

        return unSingleQuoteUnsafe(m.group());

    }

    static private final Pattern quotePatrn = Pattern.compile("\"", Pattern.LITERAL);

    static private final Pattern slashPatrn = Pattern.compile("(\\\\+)");

    static public String doubleQuote(String s) {

        return doubleQuote(s, true);

    }

    static public String doubleQuote(String s, final boolean escapeEscapeChar) {

        // http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/applescript/conceptual/applescriptlangguide/reference/ASLR_classes.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40000983-CH1g-SW6

        // http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.5

        // https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Guide/Values%2C_Variables%2C_and_Literals#Escaping_characters

        if (s.length() > 0) {

            if (escapeEscapeChar)

                s = slashPatrn.matcher(s).replaceAll("$1$1");

            s = quotePatrn.matcher(s).replaceAll("\\\\\"");

        }

        return '"' + s + '"';

    }

    /**

     * Unquote a double quoted string.

     *

     * @param s the string to unquote, e.g. "foo\\bar".

     * @return the unquoted form, e.g. foo\bar.

     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the string is not quoted, or if there's some extra

     *         content at the end.

     */

    static public String unDoubleQuote(String s) {

        final Tuple2<String, Integer> res = unDoubleQuote(s, 0);

        if (res.get1().intValue() != s.length())

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extra content at the end : " + s.substring(res.get1()));

        return res.get0();

    }

    /**

     * Unquote part of a double quoted string.

     *

     * @param s the string to unquote, e.g. pre"foo\\bar"post.

     * @param offset the start index of the quotes, e.g. 3.

     * @return the unquoted form and the index after the end quote, e.g. foo\bar and 13.

     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the string is not quoted.

     */

    static public Tuple2<String, Integer> unDoubleQuote(String s, int offset) {

        if (s.charAt(offset) != '"')

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expected quote but got : " + s.charAt(offset));

        final int l = s.length();

        if (offset + 1 < l && s.charAt(offset + 1) == '"')

            return Tuple2.create("", offset + 2);

        offset++;

        final char[] chars = new char[] { '"', '\\' };

        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);

        boolean foundEnd = false;

        while (offset < l && !foundEnd) {

            final int index = firstIndexOf(s, offset, chars);

            if (index < 0)

                throw new IllegalArgumentException("End quote not found after " + offset);

            sb.append(s.substring(offset, index));

            if (s.charAt(index) == '"') {

                offset = index + 1;

                foundEnd = true;

            } else {

                assert s.charAt(index) == '\\';

                sb.append(s.charAt(index + 1));

                offset = index + 2;

            }

        }

        if (!foundEnd)

            throw new IllegalArgumentException("End quote not found after " + offset);

        return Tuple2.create(sb.toString(), offset);

    }

    public static final class Escaper {

        // eg '

        private final char esc;

        // eg { '=> S, " => D}

        private final Map<Character, Character> substitution;

        private final Map<Character, Character> inv;

        /**

         * A new escaper that will have <code>esc</code> as escape character.

         *

         * @param esc the escape character, eg '

         * @param name the character that will be appended to <code>esc</code>, eg with S all

         *        occurrences of ' will be replaced by 'S

         */

        public Escaper(char esc, char name) {

            super();

            this.esc = esc;

            this.substitution = new LinkedHashMap<Character, Character>();

            this.inv = new HashMap<Character, Character>();

            this.add(esc, name);

        }

        public Escaper add(char toRemove, char escapedName) {

            if (this.inv.containsKey(escapedName))

                throw new IllegalArgumentException(escapedName + " already replaces " + this.inv.get(escapedName));

            this.substitution.put(toRemove, escapedName);

            this.inv.put(escapedName, toRemove);

            return this;

        }

        public final Set<Character> getEscapedChars() {

            final Set<Character> res = new HashSet<Character>(this.substitution.keySet());

            res.remove(this.esc);

            return res;

        }

        /**

         * Escape <code>s</code>, so that the resulting string has none of

         * {@link #getEscapedChars()}.

         *

         * @param s a string to escape.

         * @return the escaped form.

         */

        public final String escape(String s) {

            String res = s;

            // this.esc en premier

            for (final Character toEsc : this.substitution.keySet()) {

                // use Pattern.LITERAL to avoid interpretion

                res = res.replace(toEsc + "", getEscaped(toEsc));

            }

            return res;

        }

        private String getEscaped(final Character toEsc) {

            return this.esc + "" + this.substitution.get(toEsc);

        }

        public final String unescape(String escaped) {

            String res = escaped;

            final List<Character> toEscs = new ArrayList<Character>(this.substitution.keySet());

            Collections.reverse(toEscs);

            for (final Character toEsc : toEscs) {

                res = res.replaceAll(getEscaped(toEsc), toEsc + "");

            }

            return res;

        }

        @Override

        public boolean equals(Object obj) {

            if (obj instanceof Escaper) {

                final Escaper o = (Escaper) obj;

                return this.esc == o.esc && this.substitution.equals(o.substitution);

            } else

                return false;

        }

        @Override

        public int hashCode() {

            return this.esc + this.substitution.hashCode();

        }

    }

    public static String rightAlign(String s, int width) {

        String r = s;

        int n = width - s.length();

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

            r = ' ' + r;

        }

        return r;

    }

    public static String leftAlign(String s, int width) {

        String r = s;

        int n = width - s.length();

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

            r += ' ';

        }

        return r;

    }

    public static String trim(final String s, final boolean leading) {

        // from String.trim()

        int end = s.length();

        int st = 0;

        if (leading) {

            while ((st < end) && (s.charAt(st) <= ' ')) {

                st++;

            }

        } else {

            while ((st < end) && (s.charAt(end - 1) <= ' ')) {

                end--;

            }

        }

        return ((st > 0) || (end < s.length())) ? s.substring(st, end) : s;

    }

    public static String limitLength(String s, int maxLength) {

        if (s.length() <= maxLength) {

            return s;

        }

        return s.substring(0, maxLength);

    }

    public static String removeAllSpaces(String text) {

        final int length = text.length();

        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(length);

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

            char c = text.charAt(i);

            if (c <= ' ' && c != 160) {

                // remove non printable chars

                // spaces

                // non breakable space (160)

                builder.append(c);

            }

        }

        return builder.toString();

    }

    public static String removeNonDecimalChars(String text) {

        final int length = text.length();

        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(length);

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

            char c = text.charAt(i);

            if (Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.' || c == '+' || c == '-') {

                builder.append(c);

            }

        }

        return builder.toString();

    }

    public static BigDecimal getBigDecimalFromUserText(String text) {

        text = text.trim();

        if (text.isEmpty() || text.equals("-")) {

            return BigDecimal.ZERO;

        }

        text = removeNonDecimalChars(text);

        BigDecimal result = null;

        try {

            result = new BigDecimal(text);

        } catch (Exception e) {

            Log.get().info(text + " is not a valid decimal");

        }

        return result;

    }

    /**

     * Returns an array of strings, one for each line in the string after it has been wrapped to fit

     * lines of <var>maxWidth</var>. Lines end with any of cr, lf, or cr lf. A line ending at the

     * end of the string will not output a further, empty string.

     * <p>

     * This code assumes <var>str</var> is not <code>null</code>.

     *

     * @param str the string to split

     * @param fm needed for string width calculations

     * @param maxWidth the max line width, in points

     * @return a non-empty list of strings

     */

    public static List<String> wrap(String str, FontMetrics fm, int maxWidth) {

        List<String> lines = splitIntoLines(str);

        if (lines.size() == 0)

            return lines;

        List<String> strings = new ArrayList<String>();

        for (Iterator<String> iter = lines.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {

            wrapLineInto(iter.next(), strings, fm, maxWidth);

        }

        return strings;

    }

    /**

     * Given a line of text and font metrics information, wrap the line and add the new line(s) to

     * <var>list</var>.

     *

     * @param line a line of text

     * @param list an output list of strings

     * @param fm font metrics

     * @param maxWidth maximum width of the line(s)

     */

    public static void wrapLineInto(String line, List<String> list, FontMetrics fm, int maxWidth) {

        int len = line.length();

        int width;

        while (len > 0 && (width = fm.stringWidth(line)) > maxWidth) {

            // Guess where to split the line. Look for the next space before

            // or after the guess.

            int guess = len * maxWidth / width;

            String before = line.substring(0, guess).trim();

            width = fm.stringWidth(before);

            int pos;

            if (width > maxWidth) // Too long

                pos = findBreakBefore(line, guess);

            else { // Too short or possibly just right

                pos = findBreakAfter(line, guess);

                if (pos != -1) { // Make sure this doesn't make us too long

                    before = line.substring(0, pos).trim();

                    if (fm.stringWidth(before) > maxWidth)

                        pos = findBreakBefore(line, guess);

                }

            }

            if (pos == -1)

                pos = guess; // Split in the middle of the word

            list.add(line.substring(0, pos).trim());

            line = line.substring(pos).trim();

            len = line.length();

        }

        if (len > 0) {

            list.add(line);

        }

    }

    /**

     * Returns the index of the first whitespace character or '-' in <var>line</var> that is at or

     * before <var>start</var>. Returns -1 if no such character is found.

     *

     * @param line a string

     * @param start where to star looking

     */

    public static int findBreakBefore(String line, int start) {

        for (int i = start; i >= 0; --i) {

            char c = line.charAt(i);

            if (Character.isWhitespace(c) || c == '-')

                return i;

        }

        return -1;

    }

    /**

     * Returns the index of the first whitespace character or '-' in <var>line</var> that is at or

     * after <var>start</var>. Returns -1 if no such character is found.

     *

     * @param line a string

     * @param start where to star looking

     */

    public static int findBreakAfter(String line, int start) {

        int len = line.length();

        for (int i = start; i < len; ++i) {

            char c = line.charAt(i);

            if (Character.isWhitespace(c) || c == '-')

                return i;

        }

        return -1;

    }

    /**

     * Returns an array of strings, one for each line in the string. Lines end with any of cr, lf,

     * or cr lf. A line ending at the end of the string will not output a further, empty string.

     * <p>

     * This code assumes <var>str</var> is not <code>null</code>.

     *

     * @param str the string to split

     * @return a non-empty list of strings

     */

    public static List<String> splitIntoLines(String str) {

        List<String> strings = new ArrayList<String>();

        int len = str.length();

        if (len == 0) {

            strings.add("");

            return strings;

        }

        int lineStart = 0;

        for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {

            char c = str.charAt(i);

            if (c == '\r') {

                int newlineLength = 1;

                if ((i + 1) < len && str.charAt(i + 1) == '\n')

                    newlineLength = 2;

                strings.add(str.substring(lineStart, i));

                lineStart = i + newlineLength;

                if (newlineLength == 2) // skip \n next time through loop

                    ++i;

            } else if (c == '\n') {

                strings.add(str.substring(lineStart, i));

                lineStart = i + 1;

            }

        }

        if (lineStart < len)

            strings.add(str.substring(lineStart));

        return strings;

    }

    /**

     * Convert a byte array to its hexa representation (uppercase)

     *

     * @param bytes to converts

     * @param size of the byte array to use

     * @return the hexa representation

     */

    public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes, int length) {

        char[] hexChars = new char[length * 2];

        for (int j = 0; j < length; j++) {

            int v = bytes[j] & 0xFF;

            hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];

            hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];

        }

        return new String(hexChars);

    }

    public static String charToHex(char c) {

        int v = c & 0xFF;

        char[] hexChars = new char[2];

        hexChars[0] = hexArray[v >>> 4];

        hexChars[1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];

        return new String(hexChars);

    }

    /**

     * Convert a byte array to its hexa representation (uppercase)

     *

     * @param bytes to converts

     * @return the hexa representation

     */

    public static String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes) {

        return bytesToHexString(bytes, bytes.length);

    }

    /**

     * Whether the parameter is empty.

     *

     * @param s the string to test.

     * @return <code>true</code> if <code>null</code> or {@link String#isEmpty() empty}.

     */

    public static boolean isEmpty(final String s) {

        return isEmpty(s, false);

    }

    public static boolean isEmpty(final String s, final boolean trim) {

        return s == null || (trim ? s.trim() : s).isEmpty();

    }

    /**

     * Return the first value that is non-empty.

     *

     * @param values values to test for emptiness.

     * @return the first value that is neither <code>null</code> nor {@link String#isEmpty() empty},

     *         <code>null</code> if none.

     */

    public static String coalesce(String... values) {

        return coalesce(false, values);

    }

    public static String coalesce(final boolean trim, String... values) {

        for (final String s : values) {

            if (!isEmpty(s, trim))

                return s;

        }

        return null;

    }

    public static String toAsciiString(String str) {

        if (str == null) {

            return null;

        }

        final int length = str.length();

        final StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(length);

        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

            final char c = str.charAt(i);

            final char newChar;

            if (c < 128) {

                newChar = c;

            } else if (c == 'é' || c == 'è' || c == 'ê') {

                newChar = 'e';

            } else if (c == 'â' || c == 'à') {

                newChar = 'a';

            } else if (c == 'î') {

                newChar = 'i';

            } else if (c == 'ù' || c == 'û') {

                newChar = 'u';

            } else if (c == 'ô') {

                newChar = 'o';

            } else if (c == 'ç') {

                newChar = 'c';

            } else {

                newChar = ' ';

            }

            b.append(newChar);

        }

        return b.toString();

    }

    public static final Matcher findFirstContaining(final String s, final Pattern... patterns) {

        for (final Pattern p : patterns) {

            final Matcher matcher = p.matcher(s);

            if (matcher.find())

                return matcher;

        }

        return null;

    }

    static public interface Search {

        public boolean equals(String str, String anotherString);

        public boolean startsWith(String str, String prefix);

        public boolean endsWith(String str, String suffix);

        public boolean contains(String str, String anotherString);

    }

    static public final Search EXACT_SEARCH = new Search() {

        @Override

        public boolean startsWith(String str, String prefix) {

            return str.startsWith(prefix);

        }

        @Override

        public boolean equals(String str, String anotherString) {

            return str.equals(anotherString);

        }

        @Override

        public boolean endsWith(String str, String suffix) {

            return str.endsWith(suffix);

        }

        @Override

        public boolean contains(String str, String searchStr) {

            return str.contains(searchStr);

        }

    };

    // Simple (Single-Character) Case Mapping

    static public final Search SIMPLE_CASE_MAPPING_SEARCH = new Search() {

        @Override

        public boolean startsWith(String str, String prefix) {

            return str.regionMatches(true, 0, prefix, 0, prefix.length());

        }

        @Override

        public boolean equals(String str, String anotherString) {

            return str.equalsIgnoreCase(anotherString);

        }

        @Override

        public boolean endsWith(String str, String suffix) {

            final int suffixLength = suffix.length();

            return str.regionMatches(true, str.length() - suffixLength, suffix, 0, suffixLength);

        }

        @Override

        public boolean contains(String str, String searchStr) {

            final int length = searchStr.length();

            if (length == 0)

                return true;

            for (int i = str.length() - length; i >= 0; i--) {

                if (str.regionMatches(true, i, searchStr, 0, length))

                    return true;

            }

            return false;

        }

    };

    static public abstract class NormalizeSearch implements Search {

        protected abstract String normalize(String s);

        @Override

        public boolean startsWith(String str, String prefix) {

            return normalize(str).startsWith(normalize(prefix));

        }

        @Override

        public boolean equals(String str, String anotherString) {

            return normalize(str).equals(normalize(anotherString));

        }

        @Override

        public boolean endsWith(String str, String suffix) {

            return normalize(str).endsWith(normalize(suffix));

        }

        @Override

        public boolean contains(String str, String searchStr) {

            return normalize(str).contains(normalize(searchStr));

        }

    };

    // Fixed Locale

    static public final class LowerCaseMappingSearch extends NormalizeSearch {

        private final Locale locale;

        public LowerCaseMappingSearch(Locale locale) {

            super();

            this.locale = locale;

        }

        public final Locale getLocale() {

            return this.locale;

        }

        @Override

        protected String normalize(String s) {

            return s.toLowerCase(this.getLocale());

        }

    };

    // Locale.getDefault() at the time of the call